Assessment of Variability: Chloroplast Microsatellite DNA, Defoliation, and Regeneration Potential of Old Pine Stands of Different Origins in the Context of Assisted Genotype Migration

The development of transportation in the 19th century allowed for transfer large quantities pine seeds between significant areas Europe. This artificial migration usually had negative breeding consequences, so regulations were introduced to protect local gene pools. current dynamically changing climate contributes a reconsideration assisted genotypes as factor mitigation risks. However, requires extensive research into safe geographic and genetic distances over which we can move analyses presented here demonstrate differences chloroplast microsatellite DNA variation (cpSSR) implications health regeneration potential old stands from seeds. Analyses DNA, crown defoliation, (number cones number seedlings) performed. stand grown (from France) higher variability than populations differed genetically (Fst 4% 12%). high studied period did not affect lower defoliation stand. On other hand, significantly yield, there was no natural (seedlings) ensure information progeny generation. obtained results confirmed mechanisms selection acting on that are alien ecological conditions.